Literasi Bahasa dan Sastra (LIBAS) eISSN: 3048-3514 Penerbit: Tri Edukasi Ilmiah Foundation Literasi Bahasa dan Sastra (LIBAS) Journal is a peer-reviewed journal published biannually by Triedu Pubisher, Tri Edukasi Ilmiah Foundation. The journal publishes research papers in the field of linguistics, literature, and language teaching, such as the Feminist approach in the literature, Sociological approach, Postcolonialism, Structuralism, and Post-structuralism, Popular literature, fundamental of ELT, the sound of word of language, structure, meaning, language and gender, sociolinguistic, language philosophy, historical of linguistic, origin/evolution, experimental linguistics, phonology, syntax, endangered minority language, language and nature, communicative strategy of teaching, linguistic anthropology, psychology of language, field methods in linguistic, interactive of language teaching. This journal is an open-access journal which means that all content is freely available access without any charge. Everyone is allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
Makna Simbolik Lompat Batu Nias dalam Perspektif Sastra dan Budaya: Kajian Semiotik Roland Barthes
This article examined the symbolic meaning of the Nias Stone Jump (Fahombo Batu) within the framework of literary and cultural studies, using Roland Barthes’ semiotic theory (1964) as the main analytical approach. The research problem arises from the phenomenon that the traditional practice of jumping over stone walls in Nias, originally rooted in rituals of maturity, bravery, and social identity, has undergone a shift in meaning due to modernization and tourism commercialization. The study seeks to uncover how these transformations affect the symbolic and narrative layers of the tradition when interpreted as a cultural text. Employing a qualitative descriptive method through semiotic analysis, the research identifies and interprets the denotative, connotative, and mythic levels of meaning embedded in the tradition. Primary data were obtained from field documentation, interviews, and literary sources depicting the cultural practice, while secondary data were gathered from previous studies on Nias cultural symbols. The analysis revealed that the stone jump, at the denotative level, signifies physical prowess and initiation into adulthood; at the connotative level, it represents courage, social recognition, and masculine pride; and at the mythic level, it embodies the collective identity and resilience of the Nias people amid cultural transformation. The study concludes that, through Barthes’ semiotic lens, Fahombo Batu functions as a living text where traditional values continuously interact with modern interpretations, reflecting the dynamic relationship between heritage, meaning, and contemporary cultural expression.
Nias Stone Jump; symbolic meaning; Roland Barthes’ semiotics; cultural transformation; literary and cultural studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Literasi Bahasa dan Sastra Jurnal
Tradisi Lisan Pada Pernikahan Adat Masyarakat Melayu Deli di Deli Serdang Sumatera Utara
This study examines the role of pantun as an oral tradition in Deli Malay wedding ceremonies, focusing on the values ​​contained within it and efforts to revitalize the tradition. This analysis examines the formula in Deli Malay wedding pantun based on Albert Lord's theory of oral tradition. The research method used is a qualitative approach, involving interviews, observation, and documentation to explore the meaning and function of pantun in a social and cultural context. The results show that wedding pantun contains the values ​​of faith, honesty, responsibility, and cooperation, which function as a means of conveying moral and ethical messages. In addition, this oral tradition plays an important role in strengthening social ties between families and communities. However, the study also found a degradation of the meaning of pantun due to modernization and a lack of understanding of cultural values ​​among the younger generation. Therefore, revitalization efforts through education, training, and the use of digital media are essential to maintain the sustainability of the pantun tradition. This research is expected to contribute to the preservation of Deli Malay culture and increase public awareness of the importance of oral traditions.
Deli Malay; Pantun; Wedding; Cultural Revitalization; Oral Tradition.
Dampak Perekonomian Penjual Bekuang di Nagari Duku Padang Pariaman
This study examines the impact of jicama (bengkuang) sales on the community in Padang Pariaman. The purpose of this research is to understand the effects of jicama trading on the community’s economic, social, and environmental aspects. This study employs a qualitative method by collecting data through interviews, observations, and documentation. The theory used in this research is the phenomenological theory proposed by Alfred Schutz. The results of the study reveal how jicama sellers manage to sustain their businesses with the same products, the relationships among the jicama traders, and explain the phenomena occurring within the jicama trading complex.
Budaya Patriarki dalam Suku Batak Toba Terhadap Hak dan Kedudukan, Tradisi, Peran Gender, dan Perubahan Sosial
The patriarchal culture within the Batak Toba society has a significant influence on women’s rights and status, gender roles, and social change. The patrilineal system adopted by the Batak Toba community positions men as the primary heirs within the family and customary structures, while women hold more limited roles in inheritance and decision-making. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach to analyze how patriarchal culture persists and how modernization and awareness of gender equality affect social dynamics in Batak Toba society. Using Beauvoir’s feminist theory (1949) and the theory of social construction of gender (Sibarani, 2020), the study finds that although patriarchal norms remain strong, there has been a shift in women’s access to education, employment, and public roles. Women are increasingly involved in family decision-making and have begun to gain inheritance rights, although still in smaller portions compared to men. These findings indicate that the customs and culture of the Batak Toba society are dynamic and evolving in line with the changing times and the growing awareness of gender equality. This transformation reflects a shift in the social structure and cultural values of the Batak Toba people toward a more equitable and gender-just society.
Patriarchal Culture; Batak Toba; Feminism; Gender; Women's Rights; Social Change; Social Construction
Nilai Kultural dalam Tortor Ija Juma Tidahan Sebagai Bentuk Repitalisasi Budaya Simalungun Yang Hampir Pudar
Tortor Ija Juma Tidahan is a traditional Simalungun dance rich in cultural values and philosophical meanings. Over time, the existence of this dance has begun to fade amidst the current of modernization. This study aims to analyze the cultural values in Tortor Ija Juma Tidahan as a form of revitalization of the almost faded Simalungun culture, using Peirce's semiotic approach (1931). In this analysis, dance elements such as movements, music, clothing, and visual symbols are categorized into icons, indices, and symbols. The results show that dance movements function as indices that reflect the close relationship of the Simalungun people with nature and farming activities, while music and clothing act as icons and symbols that represent cultural identity and spiritual values. Although this dance has experienced a shift in function from sacred rituals to entertainment, its cultural meaning still persists. This study concludes that the revitalization of Tortor Ija Juma Tidahan can be done through adaptation to modern media, cultural education among the younger generation, and integration into traditional activities and cultural festivals as an effort to maintain the existence and meaning of this dance in the era of globalization.
Simalungun Culture; Modernization; Cultural Values; Cultural Revitalization; Tortor Ija Juma Tidahan
Denotasi Mitos Pernikahan Semarga Pada Adat Mandailing di Wilayah Tapanuli Selatan
This study aims to analyze cultural values, customs, especially regarding the Denotation of the Myth of Marriage of the Same Clan in Mandailing Customs in the South Tapanuli Region. So that the wider community can better understand and comprehend the customary law of the Batak Mandailing. This research theory uses the Ethnography theory by Bronislaw Malinowski. The Ethnography approach seeks to provide an understanding that departs from an understanding of the culture of the community that is to be understood. The form of the results of the ethnographic research report is so distinctive, that the term ethnography is also used to refer to the research method to produce the report. This research method uses a qualitative method. This study collected data through interviews. The results of the study show that the Batak Mandailing Customary community has customary rules that prohibit marriage of the same clan based on the belief that marriage of the same clan can bring curses and bad luck to the family. However, over time this prohibition has begun to fade and is even ignored by some people. The myth of marriage of the same clan in the Mandailing custom in the South Tapanuli region is quite strong. Local people believe that marriage between people who have the same clan can bring bad luck, illness, and even death to their families, but this myth has not been scientifically proven. This myth is believed to be a form of respect for ancestors and maintaining good relations between families in one clan. This study also found that the myth of marriage within the same clan is still believed by some Batak Mandailing people.
Batak Mandailing; Customary Law; Marriage, Myth; Semarang, Tradition
Menggali Makna dan Gaya Bahasa dalam Puisi A. Damhoeri
Three poems by A. Damhoeri, "Seruan," "Bila Masanya?," and "Belum Setara," are discussed in this research. The purpose of this analysis is to examine the themes, meanings, and language styles of the poems. The main issue raised is how these three poems present social and humanitarian problems, and how the language style used reinforces the message. The aim of this research is to identify the main themes, explore the underlying meanings, and analyze how the poet uses language to convey social criticism. Data were collected through reading and analyzing the structure of the poems, using a qualitative approach with textual analysis. The analysis results show that the three poems simultaneously raise the themes of injustice and hope for change. They use various language styles, such as metaphors, personification, and repetition, to effectively convey emotions and moral messages. This study concludes that A. Damhoeri's poems not only serve as works of art but also function as powerful tools for social criticism that provide a deep understanding of the current societal situation.
poetry, A. Damhoeri, theme, meaning, language style, social criticism.
The Transformation Mandailing Community Traditions in the Context of Endogamous Marriages within a Single Clan
This study analyzes the transformation of mandailing community traditions in endogamous marriages within a single clan using everettrogers’(19625)difusion of innovation theory.Cultural changes occur as traditions adapt to moderzation and shifting social values.Using a descriptive qualitative approach,data were collected through virtual interviews with parents,community leaders,and local residents.The findings show that the tranformation of endogamous marriage traditions follows Rogers five stages of innovation adoption: awareness, interest, evaluation, experimentation, and acceptance. While traditional values persist, reinterpretations emerge due to religious, social, and urban influences. This study highlights how traditions evolve while maintaining cultural identity in changing social systems.
Cultural Transformation and Values of the Puputan Bayi Tradition in Medan: An Anthropological Approach
This study aims to analyze the cultural transformation and values in the puputan bayi tradition in Medan using an anthropological approach. Applying Giddens’ (2013) theory of social change, the research focuses on how this tradition adapts and evolves alongside social and cultural developments influenced by modernity and globalization. This study employs a qualitative method with data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. The informants consist of traditional leaders, families who practice the tradition, and local community members directly involved in the puputan bayi ceremony. The findings reveal that while traditional values are preserved, adjustments in the practice of the puputan bayi tradition reflect the influence of social changes, including aspects of gender roles, family participation, and the understanding of ritual meanings. The study also reveals that the people of Medan, particularly those of Javanese and Batak ethnicity, demonstrate openness to integrating modern values into their traditional practices. This cultural transformation reflects a process of acculturation and integration between local and global values, shaping a new social identity within urban communities.
Puputan Bayi, Cultural Transformation, Traditional Values, Cultural Medan, Anthropology, Birth Cultural Identity.
Social and Spiritual Meanings in the Cabur Bulung Tradition of Karo Ethnicity: An Anthropological Perspective
This research aims to analyze the social and spiritual meanings in the Cabur Bulung tradition of the Karo Ethnicity, as well as to understand its role and function in the context of the social and spiritual life of the Karo community. Based on Geertz's (1973) cultural theory, which suggests the importance of symbols and meanings in the interpretation of a community's social life, this research adopts an anthropological approach with qualitative methods. Techniques used include observation, in-depth interviews, and literature studies to explore the meaning dimensions of the Cabur Bulung tradition. The results show that the Cabur Bulung tradition has two main dimensions, namely social and spiritual. Socially, this tradition functions as a means to strengthen relationships between community members, strengthen Karo ethnic identity, and demonstrate the value of solidarity and togetherness in social life. On the other hand, the spiritual dimension of this tradition reveals the Karo people's efforts to communicate with the spirits of ancestors, ask for healing blessings, and maintain balance with the universe. The symbols contained in the Cabur Bulung procession contain deep social and religious values, describing human relationships with the spiritual world and nature. This research provides an understanding of the Cabur Bulung tradition as an inseparable part of Karo ethnic culture, and reveals its role in shaping social structures, cultural identity and practices. he spirituality of the Karo people. Thus, this tradition is not only a ritual, but also a reflection of life that involves harmonious social and spiritual relationships between humans, communities and the spirit world.
The Evolution of Fahombo: Analyzing Its Changing Significance in the Context of Cultural Dynamics and Modernization
This study aims to analyze the shift in the meaning of Fahombo in the dynamics of culture and modernization using the theory of diffusion of innovation from Everett Rogers (1962). This theory highlights how changes in Nias culture occur through the process of innovation, communication, time, and social systems. In this context, Fahombo is not only maintained as a cultural heritage, but also experiences adaptation due to the influence of modernization and globalization. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a virtual interview method via the Zoom application to explore in depth the information needed. The informants involved consisted of parents who had experienced or witnessed Fahombo in a traditional context, community leaders who had a deep understanding of the history and changes in the tradition, and local residents who witnessed firsthand the transformation of Fahombo in recent decades. The results of the study show that the shift in the meaning of Fahombo occurs through five stages of innovation adoption according to Rogers, namely: awareness, interest, evaluation, experimentation, and acceptance. Traditional values are maintained, but reinterpretation occurs in the context of tourism, cultural identity, and social expression. This transformation reflects the process of social and selective adaptation in which local and global elements interact to form a new understanding of Fahombo in contemporary Nias society. This study provides insights into how traditions can survive and thrive in changing social systems.
Analysis of Umpasa Dalihan Na Tolu in the Batak Mandailing Indigenous Community Which is Passed Down from Generation to Generation.
In the Batak Mandailing language, there are various interesting figurative words that have many meanings. One of them is Dalihan Na Tolu which has 3 axes, namely kahanggi, anak boru, and mora. Which has a very interesting meaning in each of the three kinship systems. However, the current generation does not understand the three that can be called partuturan. In fact, this creates a bond of friendship that binds the unity of brotherhood. Lack of implementing it can make you care less about each other. This study focuses on the spoken language called umpasa in the Batak Mandailing tradition. And using qualitative methods, by observing, analyzing, and interpreting for example partuturan. Rolland Barthes' semiotic theory is used to study Dalihan na Tolu's true meaning in the umpasa. The umpasa is included in the Batak Mandailing language which is known to have deep meaning. The meaning of words can be one of the most interesting ways.
Dalihan Na Tolu, Batak Mandailing, Adat, Generasi.
The Impact of Urbanization on the Preservation of Traditional Customs by the Nias Young Generation
Urbanization brings significant changes to people's lives, including the preservation of traditional customs by the Nias younger generation. The migration of people to cities often leads to a decline in young people's involvement in traditional cultural practices. Factors such as lifestyle changes, access to technology, and economic and educational demands in urban areas influence their interest in cultural heritage. On one hand, urbanization provides opportunities to introduce Nias culture to a broader audience through digital media and diaspora communities. On the other hand, without strong preservation efforts, there is a risk that traditional customs will become increasingly marginalized. Therefore, effective strategies are needed to balance modernization with cultural preservation so that younger generations remain connected to Nias traditions.
Urbanisasi, Perlindungan Budaya, Pemuda Nias, Studi Kasus Kualitatif, Tematik
Astronomy and the Wari-Wari Traditions of the Karo Tribe: Determining Good and Bad Days
The Wari-Wari tradition of the Karo tribe is a calendar system used to determine good and bad days in various aspects of life. However, knowledge of this system is starting to fade due to modernization and lifestyle changes. This research aims to examine the relationship between astronomy and Wari-Wari and identify the factors that led to its decline. Rahmadi's (2022) relevant dating system theory was used to examine the relationship and tradition of the karo tribe's wari-wari: the determination of good and bad days. A qualitative approach was used with natural observation methods and centered interviews in Suka Sipilihen Village, Tiga Panah Sub-district, Karo Regency. The results showed that Wari- Wari has an astronomical basis related to the movement of the moon and sun, but its understanding is diminishing due to the lack of cultural inheritance and written documentation. Modernization and shifting cultural values have also accelerated its extinction. This study emphasizes the importance of preserving the WariWari tradition through education and documentation to remain sustainable in the midst of changing times.
Gender Roles in the Practice of Paulakhon within the Batak Toba Patrilineal System
The Batak Toba patrilineal system in North Sumatra still maintains the practice of paulakhon (returning) or the term traditional divorce lawsuit, where women as wives are considered to have failed to provide sons to continue the clan for the family and fail to be good housewives will be returned to the woman's family. This research aims to analyze women's inequality in the Batak Toba patrilineal system with the practice of paulakhon (returning). According to Connel (1987) explains that gender relations are not only shaped by individuals, but are shaped by broader social structures, including the concept of hegemonic masculinity which maintains male dominance which shows that gender norms are controlled by the patriarchal system. The research method used is a qualitative method with data collection techniques in the form of participatory observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and data analysis. The results showed that paulakhon places women in a subordinate position and limits their rights. However, social change is starting to provide space for women to gain more equal rights in the family and society.
Peran Teori Psikoanalisis dalam Pemahaman Karakter Sastra
Psychoanalytic theory has become an essential tool in understanding literary characters, providing deep insights into motivations, internal conflicts, and psychological development of figures. This study aims to explore the role of psychoanalytic theory in character analysis within Indonesian literature. Using a qualitative approach and literature review, this article examines various literary works that depict the psychological complexities of characters, as well as how psychoanalytic theory can aid readers in understanding the emotional dynamics and behaviors of these figures. The findings indicate that the application of psychoanalytic theory not only enriches character interpretation but also opens discussions about the social and cultural contexts influencing character creation in literature.
Dimensi Eksistensial dan Humanisme dalam Karya Angkatan Pujangga Baru 1966
The 1966 New Poet Generation was an important milestone in the development of Indonesian literature, which was born amidst the political, social and cultural upheaval after the events of 1965. This research reveals the existential and humanist dimensions in their works, which are often overlooked in previous studies. Using a qualitative approach, this research analyzes poetry, short stories and essays by writers such as Taufiq Ismail, Iwan Simatupang and Ajip Rosidi. The research results show that the work of the Class of 1966 is not only a medium for social criticism but also a space for individual contemplation of the meaning of existence, collective wounds and national identity.
Angkatan Pujangga Baru 1966, eksistensialisme, humanisme, sastra Indonesia, kritik social
Ekpresi Kebebasan dan Pemberontakan dalam Puisi Chairil Anwar: Sebuah Kajian Karya Sastra Angkatan 1945
This article discusses the poem “Aku, Nisan, Penghidupan” by Chairil Anwar written in 1945 as a form of expression of freedom and rebellion in the social and political context during the struggle for Indonesian independence. The purpose of this research is to analyze how this poem reflects individual identity and the spirit of struggle through the symbolism used. The method used in this research is a textual study with a literary analysis approach, which allows researchers to explore the deep meaning behind the words and symbols in the poem. The results of the analysis show that Chairil uses the symbol of “I” to express individual freedom and “nisan” to challenge death, while inviting readers to appreciate life.
Poetry, Freedom. Rebellion, Chairil Anwar, Literary
Menelusuri Makna Kehilangan dalam "Robohnya Surau Kami" Karya A.A. Nafis
The purpose of this research is to analyze the thematic elements of cultural identity and the impact of modernity in the short story The Fall of Our Surau by A.A. Nafis. The problem identified is the erosion of traditional values and the consequences of this loss as represented through the symbolic collapse of the surau, which was once a central hub for spiritual and social life. This study employs cultural criticism theory to explore how Nafis critiques the clash between modernity and tradition. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the research examines the narrative structure, character development, and symbolism within the story. The results reveal that Nafis uses the surau’s collapse as a powerful metaphor for the broader societal shift, urging readers to reflect on the importance of preserving cultural identity in an era of rapid change
Woman’s Struggle Among Parchiarchal Domination In Drama “Mother Courage And Her Children”
Mother Courage lived in the seventeenth century, when patriarchal customs still had a strong hold on society. In that century, women were still enslaved by male superiors. Mother Courage, on the other hand, is not a weak lady. Rather, as a strong, independent, and fearless leader. A superb feminine figure, which was uncommon among women at the period.In the drama Mother Courage, the feminism dominates the male role. Women's dominance may be divided into three categories: economic, social, and cultural.The research used Existentialism feminist Simone de Beauvoir (1966) encourages women to break outside the limitations and socially defined circles that make them "the other”. This study used an impartial approach to its investigation is objective Approach. This study is a qualitative study that generates descriptive data.
Copyright (c) 2024 Literasi Bahasa dan Sastra Jurnal
Cross Cultural Understanding in Educational Perspective: Asian Phenomenon and Critics
In an era marked by globalization and interconnectedness, the importance of cross-cultural understanding in education cannot be overstated. This article delves into the unique landscape of Asian educational systems, examining the phenomenon of cross-cultural understanding and the associated critiques. By exploring the intricate interplay between cultural diversity and educational practices, we aim to shed This research used Hofstede's (2001) cultural dimensions approach and Bronfenbrenner's (1994) social dependency approach. light on the challenges and opportunities that arise in fostering cross-cultural understanding in the Asian educational context. This research uses qualitative methods with literature review as the research technique. there are 4 perspectives and phenomena of CCU in Asia revealed in this research; cultures, languages, traditions, and educational systems. Cross-cultural interactions within Asia are rich and diverse due to the continent's vast array of cultures, languages, religions, and historical backgrounds. While it's essential to recognize the heterogeneity within Asian cultures, some general themes and considerations can be explored:Cultural Diversity, Communication Styles, and Hierarchy and Respect.
Cross Culture Understanding, Education, Asian multiculture, and diversity.
The Effect of Problem Based Learning Model with Student Worksheets towards Students’ English Learning Competences
The result of observation conducted in grade VIII of SMPN 1 Rao Selatan shows that students are less active in participating in learning process in the classroom. It might be caused by teachers' technique in conveying learning materials is through lecturing. As a result, students' learning competences in cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects are still low. An effort to overcome this problem is by using Problem Based Learning (PBL) model with Student Worksheets in learning process. The purpose of the research was to know the effect of PBL model with worksheet towards students' learning competences. It was a quasi experimental research. The population of this research was all students in grade VIII of SMPN 1 Rao Selatan in academic year 2015/2016, whereas the sample of this reseach was students in class VIII4 as experimental class and students in class VIII6 as control class. The sample was taken by using purposive sampling technique. The instruments used in this research were multiple-choice test and affective and psychomotor observation sheets. Next, in this research, the data analysis used T-test to analyze cognitive competence and Mann Whitney U test to analyze affective and psychomotor competences. The result of this reseach shows that students' competences in learning English in experimental class are better than students' competences in control class.
Developing SETS-Based Practice Guidance for English Learning in High School
The research aimed to investigate and elucidate the pressing need for the development of SETS (Science, Environment, Technology, Society)-based English practice guidance in SMAN 4 Padang. Employing a qualitative approach, the descriptive research revealed deficiencies in the current practice guidance, including its lack of systematic arrangement, incomplete components, insufficient validity, impracticality, and ineffectiveness. Additionally, the absence of a learning approach and model to enhance students' motivation and skills, coupled with the non-existence of SETS-based English practice guidance and the inadequate integration of learning across Science, Environment, Technology, and Society components, underscored the necessity for comprehensive improvements in the educational framework.
Need Analisis, Development, Practice Guidance, SETS (Science, Environment, Technology, and Society), English Learning
An Analysis of VIII Grade Students' Science Literacy Skills in Junior High School in PadangAnalysis of VIII Grade Students' Science Literacy Skills in Junior High School in Padang
Purpose of the research was to describe the result of VIII Grade Students' Science Literacy Skills analysis in Junior High School in Padang. It was a descriptive research. Samples were taken by using purposive sampling technique. Techniques of data collection used valid and reliable science literacy test and interview with students and teachers. Technique of data analysis was by calculating average score of students' science literacy test. To test data validity, it used triangulation technique. The finding shows that VIII grade students' science literacy skill in SMPN 1 Padang based on total score, basic competence and science competence has the highest average score with low category. Then, it is followed by VIII grade students' science literacy skill in SMPN Ar-risalah Padang and SMP Manjushri Padang with low category. In conclusion, VIII grade students' science literacy skill in Junior High School in Padang is in low category.
The Implementation of the Discovery Learning Model Using a Scientific Approach to Improve the Science Learning Competency of Class VII Students of SMPN 21 Padang
This research aims to improve the learning competence of class VII students at SMPN 21 Padang for the 2017/2018 academic year through the application of the Discovery Learning learning model on the material of the organization of life and the interaction of living things with the environment. This research is Class Action Research (PTK) which was carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, implementing actions, observing and reflecting. The research subjects were class VII3 students at SMPN 21 Padang in the 2017/2018 academic year. Data sources are teachers and learners. Data collection techniques through tests and observation sheets. The collected data was then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the application of the Discovery Learning model can improve students' learning competence. The results of the research obtained that the percentage of pre-cycle attitude completeness competency was 79.3%, cycle I was 81.26%, and cycle II was 88.13%. The skills competency of pre-cycle students was 65.20%, cycle I was 72.33%, and cycle II was 74.00%. The knowledge competency of pre-cycle students was 66.43%, cycle I was 75.89%, and cycle II was 83.39%.